Upsetting / Compression
Axisymmetric bulk compression used to compare force evolution, barreling, and plastic strain patterns.
Benchmarks and Validation Cases
This section is organized by specific validation case rather than by method family. Each page focuses on one benchmark, the reference problem setup, and the comparison targets used to evaluate the solver behavior.
That makes it easier to compare formulations across FEM, SPH, or mixed approaches without hiding the actual forming process behind a broad category label.
Direct Extrusion
Forward extrusion case for checking flow through the die, pressure levels, and steady-state shape prediction.
Backward Extrusion
Multi-stage cold forming reference case tied to the Torx nut study and suitable for contact-heavy validation.
Closed Die Forging
Impression-die forging benchmark intended for validating filling, flash generation, and contact robustness.