What this benchmark checks

• Force evolution during upsetting
• Contact stability under large flattening
• Barreling and free-surface flow
• Plastic strain and pressure distribution trends

Notes for this page

This is a good first validation case because it is simple enough to interpret, but still exposes common failure modes: noisy contact forces, excessive distortion, unstable integration, and poor pressure transfer near the die interface.

The current image already contains the right ingredients. For a stronger validation figure, it would help to crop the empty margins, unify the labels in one language, increase the force-curve contrast, and add panel letters so the reader can map each subplot to the discussion.

Note: The 3D benchmark was intentionally performed using a very coarse tetrahedral mesh of about 3,000 elements to keep computational cost low for educational and demonstration purposes. Despite the coarse discretization, the overall load evolution remains in good agreement with Simufact Forming, with a relative RMSE below 5%.

The detailed formulation notes, mesh strategy, and quantitative comparison table for the implicit implementation are documented in WeldFormFEM, since this benchmark is one of the validation cases used for that solver line.

Mesh notes

The 3D compression case starts from an initial mesh of 700 nodes and 2950 elements.

That mesh density corresponds to the 3D model.

For the 2D model, an approximate element size of 0.5 mm is used.

During remeshing, the objective is to preserve the original mesh density as much as possible instead of progressively refining or coarsening the model.

Benchmark results